Atypical function of auditory sensory gating in children with developmental dyslexia: Investigating its relationship with cognitive abilities.

Impairments of auditory processing are among frequent findings in dyslexia. However, it is unclear how auditory signals are gated from brainstem to higher central processing stages in these individuals. The present study was done to investigate auditory sensory gating in children with developmental dyslexia (DD), and to determine whether sensory gating correlates with performance on behavioural tasks. Auditory sensory gating at P50, N1 and P2 waves was evaluated in two groups including 20 children with DD and 19 children with typical reading development (TRD). Behavioural tests were used to evaluate phonological working memory (PWM) and selective attention abilities. Sensory gating in children with DD was significantly less efficient than their peers at P50, N1 and P2 waves. Lower auditory evoked potential (AEP) amplitudes were found in the DD group. The children with TRD scored better in all the behavioural tests. Relationships were reported between sensory gating at P50, N1, P2 and behavioural performance in the two groups. Children with dyslexia had deficient sensory gating in comparison with controls. In addition, children with dyslexia experienced problems with PWM and selective attention tasks. The function of sensory gating was associated with attentional and PWM performances in this group.

Prevalence of Tinnitus and Its Associated Factors in the PERSIAN Guilan Cohort Study.

Introduction: Tinnitus can be associated with many auditory and non-auditory factors, and its prevalence varies widely in the literature. There is no large sample of published data on tinnitus prevalence and its associated factors in Iran. Here, we analyzed the PERSIAN Guilan Cohort Study (PGCS) data and reported the prevalence of tinnitus and some of the risk factors related to tinnitus in the Iranian population. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 10520 men and women between 35 and 70 years old. The prevalence of tinnitus and associations between tinnitus and age, sex, habitat, marital status, employment status, socioeconomic status, educational level, lifestyle habits, and comorbid diseases were examined using simple and multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: The prevalence of tinnitus was 6.4% in this study. Based on the adjusted analysis, only older age (odds ratio: 2.60, 95% confidence interval: 1.88 - 3.60), residency in a rural area (odds ratio: 1.22, 95% confidence interval: 1.03 - 1.44), cigarette smoking (odds ratio:1.33, 95% confidence interval: 1.04 - 1.72), and having other comorbidities (odds ratio: 2.75, 95% confidence interval: 2.19 - 3.44) were related to tinnitus. In addition, the results of subgroup analyses by sex were mostly consistent with the overall analysis. Conclusions: Our results revealed that the prevalence of tinnitus in the north of Iran is comparable with other communities. Age and other comorbidities were among the most related factors to tinnitus.

Investigating the efficacy of fluoxetine vs. fluoxetine plus alprazolam (single therapy vs. combination therapy) in treatment of chronic tinnitus: A placebo-controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of combination therapy (fluoxetine + alprazolam) and fluoxetine alone in treatment of tinnitus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 147 participants with chronic tinnitus were divided into three groups (fluoxetine, fluoxetine+ alprazolam, and placebo). Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Tinnitus Severity Index (TSI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) used to assess tinnitus. Effect size according to partial Eta square calculated and level of significance was considered as P < 0.05. RESULTS: Fluoxetine reduced VAS, THI, BDI, and increased BAI. The combination therapy significantly reduced VAS, THI, BAI, and BDI. None of them reduced the TSI. The effect size for BAI and BDI were 0.135 (medium) and 0.075 (small), respectively. There was no significant difference between combination and single-drug therapy. CONCLUSION: Both groups improved THI and VAS. Combination therapy was not significantly different from single-drug treatment. Combination therapy can be considered only according to the psychiatric needs of patients.

Speech-in-noise perception ability can be related to auditory efferent pathway function: a comparative study in reading impaired and normal reading children / Capacidade de percepção da fala no ruído pode estar relacionada à função da via auditiva eferente: estudo comparativo de crianças com dificuldade de leitura e com leitura normal

Abstract Introduction: Deficient auditory processing can cause problems with speech perception and affect the development and evolution of reading skills. The efferent auditory pathway has an important role in normal auditory system functions like speech-in-noise perception, but there is still no general agreement on this. Objective: To study the performance of the efferent auditory system in a group of children with reading impairment in comparison with normal reading and evaluation of its relationship with speech-in-noise perception. Methods: A total of 53 children between the ages of 8-12 years were selected for the study of which 27 were with reading impairment and 26 were normal reading children. Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions suppression and auditory recognition of words-in-noise test were performed for all the children. Results: The average amplitude of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions suppression showed a significant difference between the two groups in the right (p = 0.004) and in the left ear (p = 0.028). Assessment of the relationship between transient evoked otoacoustic emissions suppression and monaural auditory recognition of words-in-noise scores showed a significant moderate negative relationship only in the right ear (p = 0.034, r = −0.41) of the normal reading children. Binaural auditory recognition of words-in-noise scores were significantly correlated with the amplitude of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions suppression in the right ear (p < 0.001, r = −0.75) and in the left ear (p < 0.001, r = −0.64) of normal reading children. In the reading impaired group, ?a weaker correlation was observed between binaural auditory recognition of words-in-noise scores and transient evoked otoacoustic emissions suppression in the right (p = 0.003, r = −0.55) and in the left ear (p = 0.012, r = −0.47). Conclusions: Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions suppression pattern in the reading impaired group was different compared with normal reading children, and this difference could be related to efferent system performance. Words-in-noise scores in children with impaired reading were lower than in normal reading children. In addition, a relationship was found between transient evoked otoacoustic emissions suppression and words-in-noise scores in both normal and impaired reading children.

Resumo Introdução: O processamento auditivo deficiente pode causar problemas na percepção da fala e afetar o desenvolvimento e a evolução das habilidades de leitura. A via auditiva eferente tem um papel importante nas funções do sistema auditivo normal, como a percepção da fala no ruído, mas ainda não há um consenso sobre isso. Objetivo: Estudar o desempenho do sistema auditivo eferente em um grupo de crianças com dificuldade de leitura em comparação às com leitura normal e avaliação de sua relação com a percepção da fala no ruído. Método: Foram selecionadas para o estudo 53 crianças entre oito e 12 anos, das quais 27 tinham dificuldade de leitura e 26 apresentavam leitura normal. A avaliação por emissões otoacústicas evocadas transientes e o teste auditory recognition of words-in-noise foram feitos em todas as crianças. Resultados: A amplitude média da supressão das emissões otoacústicas evocadas transientes mostrou diferença significante entre os dois grupos na orelha direita (p = 0,004) e esquerda (p = 0,028). A avaliação da relação entre a supressão das emissões otoacústicas evocadas transientes e os escores monoaurais do teste auditory recognition of words-in-noise mostrou uma relação negativa moderadamente significante apenas na orelha direita (p = 0,034, r = -0,41) das crianças com leitura normal. Os escores binaurais do auditory recognition of words-in-noise foram significantemente correlacionados com a amplitude de supressão das emissões otoacústicas evocadas transientes na orelha direita (p < 0,001, r = -0,75) e na orelha esquerda (p < 0,001, r = -0,64) das crianças com leitura normal. No grupo com dificuldade de leitura, uma correlação mais fraca foi observada entre os escores binaurais do auditory recognition of words-in-noise e supressão das emissões otoacústicas evocadas transientes, na orelha direita (p = 0,003, r = -0,55) e na esquerda (p = 0,012, r = -0,47). Conclusões: O padrão de supressão das emissões otoacústicas evocadas transientes no grupo com dificuldade de leitura foi diferente em comparação com as crianças com leitura normal e essa diferença pode estar relacionada ao desempenho do sistema eferente. Os escores de palavras no ruído em crianças com dificuldade de leitura foram menores do que nas crianças com leitura normal. Além disso, foi encontrada uma relação entre a supressão das emissões otoacústicas evocadas transientes e os escores de palavras no ruído tanto em crianças com leitura normal quanto nas com dificuldade de leitura.

Speech-in-noise perception ability can be related to auditory efferent pathway function: a comparative study in reading impaired and normal reading children.

INTRODUCTION: Deficient auditory processing can cause problems with speech perception and affect the development and evolution of reading skills. The efferent auditory pathway has an important role in normal auditory system functions like speech-in-noise perception, but there is still no general agreement on this. OBJECTIVE: To study the performance of the efferent auditory system in a group of children with reading impairment in comparison with normal reading and evaluation of its relationship with speech-in-noise perception. METHODS: A total of 53 children between the ages of 8-12 years were selected for the study of which 27 were with reading impairment and 26 were normal reading children. Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions suppression and auditory recognition of words-in-noise test were performed for all the children. RESULTS: The average amplitude of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions suppression showed a significant difference between the two groups in the right (p=0.004) and in the left ear (p=0.028). Assessment of the relationship between transient evoked otoacoustic emissions suppression and monaural auditory recognition of words-in-noise scores showed a significant moderate negative relationship only in the right ear (p=0.034, r=-0.41) of the normal reading children. Binaural auditory recognition of words-in-noise scores were significantly correlated with the amplitude of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions suppression in the right ear (p<0.001, r=-0.75) and in the left ear (p<0.001, r=-0.64) of normal reading children. In the reading impaired group, ?a weaker correlation was observed between binaural auditory recognition of words-in-noise scores and transient evoked otoacoustic emissions suppression in the right (p=0.003, r=-0.55) and in the left ear (p=0.012, r=-0.47). CONCLUSIONS: Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions suppression pattern in the reading impaired group was different compared with normal reading children, and this difference could be related to efferent system performance. Words-in-noise scores in children with impaired reading were lower than in normal reading children. In addition, a relationship was found between transient evoked otoacoustic emissions suppression and words-in-noise scores in both normal and impaired reading children.

The Relationship between Auditory Sensory Gating and Cognitive Functions on Auditory and Visual Modalities in Primary School Children.

OBJECTIVES: Considering the common neurological origins, there is a relationship between the sensory gating and cognitive functions. However, there is no adequate information on this issue. In this study, auditory event-related potentials and the sensory gating performance were assessed in P50, N100 and P200 waves. Besides, their relationship with cognitive performance in auditory and visual modalities was investigated. MATERIALS & METHODS: Nineteen normal primary school students (14 boys) were tested in Tehran, Iran from 2017 to 2018. In the auditory modality, the Persian version of the non-word repetition test and monaural selective auditory attention test (mSAAT) were used for assessment of the working memory and selective attention, respectively. In order to evaluate the visual working memory and visual selective attention, Rey-Osterrieth complex figure, selective and divided attention test were used, respectively. A 32-channel EEG system was used for electrophysiological assessment. RESULTS: The P50 sensory gating was negatively correlated with the visual selective attention (P=0.034, r=-0.49) and N100 sensory gating was negatively correlated with the auditory working memory (P=0.043, r=-0.48) as well as visual selective attention (P=0.039, r=-0.47). For P200, there was a significant negative relationship with auditory selective attention in the right ear (P=0.034, r=-0.49). CONCLUSION: Sensory gating in children is not a modality-specific phenomenon. Sensory gating in a modality could be associated with cognitive functions in other modalities.

Central Auditory Processing Tests as Diagnostic Tools for the Early Identification of Elderly Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a disorder that usually occurs in the elderly, leading to dementia in some progressive cases. The purpose of this study is to examine the utility of central auditory processing tests as early diagnostic tools for identifying the elderly with MCI. SUBJECT AND METHODS: This study was conducted on 20 elderly patients with MCI and 20 healthy matched peers. The speech perception ability in a quiet environment and in the presence of background noise and also temporal resolution were assessed by using Speech Perception in Noise (SPIN) and Gap in Noise (GIN) tests, respectively. RESULTS: The results indicated that the ability to understand speech in a quiet environment did not differ significantly between the two groups. However, SPIN at the three signal-tonoise ratios and the temporal resolution scores were significantly different between the two groups (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with MCI appear to have poorer speech comprehension in noise and a lower temporal resolution than those of the same age, but without cognitive defects. Considering the utility of these tests in identifying cognitive problems, we propose that since the GIN test seems to be less influenced by intervening factors, this test can therefore, be a useful tool for the early screening of elderly people with cognitive problems.

Cochlear and brainstem audiologic findings in normal hearing tinnitus subjects in comparison with non-tinnitus control group.

While most tinnitus cases have some degree of hearing impairment, a small percent of the patients admitted to Ear, Nose and Throat Clinics or Hearing Evaluation Centers are those who complain of tinnitus despite having normal hearing thresholds. Present study was performed in order to better understanding of the probable causes of tinnitus and to investigate possible changes in the cochlear and auditory brainstem function in normal hearing patients with chronic tinnitus. Altogether, 63 ears (31 ears with tinnitus and 32 ears without tinnitus) were examined. The prevalence of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions and characteristics of the auditory brainstem response components including wave latencies and wave amplitudes was determined in the two groups and analyzed with appropriate statistical methods. There was no difference between the prevalence of transient evoked emissions in the two groups. The mean difference between absolute latencies of waves I, III and V was less than 0.1 ms between the two groups that were not statistically significant. Also, the interpeak latency values of I-III, III-V and I-V in both groups had no significant difference. Only the V/I amplitude ratio in the tinnitus group was significantly larger than the other group (p =0.04). The changes observed in amplitude of waves, especially in the later ones, can be considered as an Audiologic finding in normal hearing tinnitus subjects and its possible role in generation of tinnitus in these patients must be investigated.

Relationship between behavioral hearing thresholds and estimated auditory steady-state response thresholds in children with a history of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.

Increased serum bilirubin levels during infancy increase the risk of hearing loss in infants. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between pure-tone audiometry hearing thresholds and thresholds estimated using auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) in children with a history of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and to evaluate the usefulness of 90-Hz ASSR in estimating hearing thresholds in children. This study was conducted on 26 children (13 girls and 13 boys) who were aged 2.4-11 years and had a history of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (bilirubin level >17 mg/dL). ASSR thresholds were compared with behavioral thresholds and were interpreted after considering the amount and type of hearing loss. Of the 26 children, 12 had normal hearing thresholds, and 14 had varying degrees of sensorineural hearing loss. In general, a high correlation (r ≥ 0.81, p < 0.01) was found between the ASSR and behavioral thresholds. The highest correlation was observed at 2,000 Hz (r = 0.88, p < 0.01). No significant difference was observed (p > 0.13) between mean behavioral and ASSR thresholds at 52 studied ears. The results of this study showed that 90-Hz ASSR assessments provide reliable estimates of behavioral hearing thresholds in children who have a history of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and sensorineural hearing loss or normal hearing.

The Relationship between the Behavioral Hearing Thresholds and Maximum Bilirubin Levels at Birth in Children with a History of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia.

INTRODUCTION: Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is one of the most important factors affecting the auditory system and can cause sensorineural hearing loss. This study investigated the relationship between behavioral hearing thresholds in children with a history of jaundice and the maximum level of bilirubin concentration in the blood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was performed on 18 children with a mean age of 5.6 years and with a history of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Behavioral hearing thresholds, transient evoked emissions and brainstem evoked responses were evaluated in all children. RESULTS: Six children (33.3%) had normal hearing thresholds and the remaining (66.7%) had some degree of hearing loss. There was no significant relationship (r=-0.28, P=0.09) between the mean total bilirubin levels and behavioral hearing thresholds in all samples. A transient evoked emission was seen only in children with normal hearing thresholds however in eight cases brainstem evoked responses had not detected. CONCLUSION: Increased blood levels of bilirubin at the neonatal period were potentially one of the causes of hearing loss. There was a lack of a direct relationship between neonatal bilirubin levels and the average hearing thresholds which emphasizes on the necessity of monitoring the various amounts of bilirubin levels.